Believe it or not, your child’s public school is just one part of a much larger system that operates at the local, state, and federal levels. Understanding how these pieces fit together can help you navigate your child’s K–12 experience with more confidence.

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U.S. Department of Education (USDOE)

The U.S. Department of Education oversees public education at the federal level. It distributes federal funding, supports state and local education agencies, and ensures schools comply with federal laws. If you ever need to file a  PPRA, FERPA, or OCR complaint, that process goes through the USDOE.

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State Department of Education

Each state has its own Department of Education, which puts state education laws into action. It sets academic standards, licenses teachers, and ensures districts receive and use funds properly. States also decide whether to elect or appoint a state superintendent or commissioner of education (titles for this role vary). State departments must follow federal laws—especially those related to education and civil rights—and monitor how districts perform.

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Local School Districts and School Boards

Local districts vary in size and structure—some cover an entire county, city, or township, while others are smaller (Hawaii, for example, is one statewide district while Rhode Island has 36 individual districts!)

Districts must follow state laws and standards, adopt policies set by the school board, and work with local governments to manage funding. The superintendent runs the district and reports to the school board.

School boards—sometimes called trustees or school committees—are usually nonpartisan and elected by local voters. Their main job is to set policy and hire or evaluate the superintendent, their only employee. The board’s decisions help shape everything from curriculum to budgets and staffing.

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School Leadership and Staff

Each school is led by a principal, often with an assistant principal or dean of students. The principal oversees teachers, counselors, and support staff, and ensures students are learning and meeting state standards. Principals report to the superintendent.

Teachers deliver daily instruction. They design lessons that align with state standards using the curriculum provided by the district or school board. Teachers report to the principal.

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Putting It All Together

Every level of the public school system plays a role—from the federal government down to the classroom teacher. You don’t need to memorize every detail, but knowing who does what helps you advocate for your child and understand how decisions are made.

And remember: you’re not alone. We’re here to help you navigate this system as your child grows and learns.