RULE 40 STATEMENT This circuit—and only this circuit—holds that 42 U.S.C. §1983 bans associational standing. In other words, membership associations cannot sue on behalf of their members when state actors violate the Constitution. That rule is an accident of history: It comes from Aguayo v. Richardson, a circuit precedent that predates associational standing and guessed … Continue reading Defending Education Files En Banc Petition in Croton-Harmon Union Free School District Lawsuit